求高中化学方程式的全面总结

非金属元素(氟、氯、氧、硫、N2、磷、碳、硅)

1，氧化性:

F2 + H2 === 2HF

F2 +Xe(过量)= = XeF2

2F2(过量)+Xe = = XeF4

NF2+2m = = 2mfn(对于大多数金属)

2F2 +2H2O===4HF+O2

2F2 +2NaOH===2NaF+OF2 +H2O

F2 +2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2

F2 +2NaBr===2NaF+Br2

F2+2NaI ===2NaF+I2

F2 +Cl2(等体积)= = 2clf

3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3

7F2(过量)+I2 ===2IF7

Cl2 +H2 ===2HCl

3Cl2 +2P===2PCl3

Cl2 +PCl3 ===PCl5

Cl2 +2Na===2NaCl

3Cl2 +2Fe===2FeCl3

Cl2 +2FeCl2 ===2FeCl3

Cl2+Cu===CuCl2

2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2

Cl2 +2NaI ===2NaCl+I2

5cl 2+I2+6H2O = = = 2hi O3+10 HCl

Cl2 +Na2S===2NaCl+S

Cl2 +H2S===2HCl+S

Cl2+SO2 +2H2O===H2SO4 +2HCl

Cl2 +H2O2 ===2HCl+O2

2O2 +3Fe===Fe3O4

O2+K===KO2

s+H2 = = H2S

2S+C===CS2

S+Fe===FeS

S+2Cu===Cu2S

3S+2Al===Al2S3

S+Zn===ZnS

N2+3H2===2NH3

N2+3Mg===Mg3N2

N2+3Ca===Ca3N2

N2+3Ba===Ba3N2

N2+6Na===2Na3N

N2+6K===2K3N

N2+6Rb===2Rb3N

P2+6H2===4PH3

P+3Na===Na3P

2P+3Zn===Zn3P2

2.还原能力

S+O2===SO2

S+O2===SO2

硫+6HNO3(浓缩)= =硫酸+6NO2+2H2O

3S+4 HNO3(稀释)= = 3so2+4NO+2h2o

N2+氧气===2NO

4p+5o2 = = p4o10(常写成P2O5)

2p+3x2 = = 2px3 (X代表F2，Cl2，Br2)

PX3+X2===PX5

4h2o硝酸(浓)= = 4h3po4+20no2+4h2o

C+2F2===CF4

C+2Cl2===CCl4

2C+O2(少量)= = 2co

C+O2(足量)= = CO2

碳+二氧化碳===二氧化碳

C+H2O = = Co+H2(生成水煤气)

2c+SiO2 = = Si+2co(生产粗硅)

Si(粗)+2cl = = sicl4

(sicl4+2h2 = = Si(纯)+4HCl)

硅(粉末)+氧= =二氧化硅

硅+碳= =碳化硅(金刚砂)

Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2

3、(在碱中)歧化

Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO

(加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光促进歧化)

Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O

2cl 2+2Ca(OH)2 = = = CaCl 2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O

3Cl2+6KOH(热，浓缩)= = 5kcl+kclo3+3H2O

3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O

4P+3KOH(浓缩)+3H2O = = PH3+3K2PO2

11P+15 cuso 4+24H2O = = = 5Cu3P+6h3po 4+15 h2so 4

3C+曹= = =氯化钙+一氧化碳

3C+二氧化硅= = =碳化硅+二氧化碳

第二，金属元素(钠、镁、铝、铁)的还原性

2Na+H2===2NaH

4Na+O2===2Na2O

2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2

2Na+O2===Na2O2

2na+s = = Na2S(爆炸)

2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2

2Na+2h 3 = = = 2n H2+H2

4Na+TiCl4(熔化)===4NaCl+Ti

Mg+Cl2===MgCl2

Mg+Br2===MgBr2

2毫克+氧气= = = 2毫克

Mg+S===MgS

Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2

2毫克+四氯化钛(熔融)= = =钛+2毫克氯化钛

Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb

2毫克+二氧化碳= = = 2毫克+二氧化碳

2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si

Mg+H2S===MgS+H2

镁+硫酸= = =硫酸镁+H2

2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3

4al+3o2 = = 2al2o3(钝化)

4Al(Hg)+3o 2+2xH2O = = = 2(al2o 3·xh2o)+4Hg

4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn

2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr

2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe

2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe

2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2

2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2

2Al+6H2SO4(浓缩)= = Al2 (SO4) 3+3SO2+6H2O

(铝和铁在冷的浓H2SO4、HNO3 HNO3中钝化)

Al+4HNO(稀释)= = Al (NO3) 3+NO+2h2o

2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2

2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3

Fe+I2===FeI2

Fe+S===FeS

3Fe+4H2O(克)===Fe3O4+4H2

Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2

Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu

Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2

(铁在酸性环境下不能完全溶解四氯化锡。

还原成元素锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)

第三，非金属氢化物(氟化氢、氯化氢、H2O、H2S、氨气)

1，可约性:

4HCl(浓缩)+MnO2 = = mncl2+Cl2+2h2o

4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O

16 HCl+2 kmno 4 = = = 2 KCl+2 mncl 2+5cl 2+8H2O

14 HCl+k2 Cr 2 o 7 = = = 2 KCl+2 rcl 3+3c L2+7H2O

2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2

2H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O

2H2S+O2(少量)= = 2s+2h2o

2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O

H2SO4硫酸(浓缩)==硫+二氧化硫+2H2O

3H2S+2HNO(稀释)= = 3s+2no+4h2o

5H2S+2 kmno 4+3h2so 4 = = = 2 mnso 4+k2so 4+5S+8H2O

3H2S+k2cr 2 o 7+4h2so 4 = = = Cr2(SO4)3+k2so 4+3S+7H2O

H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH

2h 3+3c uo = = = 3Cu+N2+3H2O

2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl

8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl

4NH3+3O2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O

4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O

4NH3+6NO = = 5N2+6HO(用氨水去除NO)

呐+H2O = = =氢氧化钠+H2

4NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2

CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2

2.酸度:

4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O

该反应广泛用于测定矿石或钢铁样品中二氧化硅的含量。

2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl

H2S+Fe===FeS+H2

H2S+氯化铜===CuS+2HCl

H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3

H2S+氯化汞= = =汞+2氯化氢

H2S+硝酸铅===PbS+硝酸铅

H2S+FeCl2===

2n H3+2Na = = 2n H2+H2

(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)

3、碱性:

NH3+HCl===NH4Cl

NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3

2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4

NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2 = = nah co 3+NH4Cl

(此反应用于工业上制备小苏打、苏打)

4.不稳定性:

2HF===H2+F2

2HCl===H2+Cl2

2H2O===2H2+O2

2H2O2===2H2O+O2

H2S===H2+S

2h 3 = = = N2+3h 2

第四，非金属氧化物

低价态的还原性:

2SO2+O2===2SO3

2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4

(这是一种环境化学反应，SO2在大气中缓慢发生)

SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl

SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr

SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI

SO2+NO2===SO3+NO

2NO+O2===2NO2

NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2

(用于吸收硝酸工业尾气中的NO和NO2)

2CO+O2===2CO2

CO+CuO===Cu+CO2

3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2

一氧化碳+H2O = = =二氧化碳+H2

氧化:

SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O

SO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2

NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH

(溴蒸汽和NO2不能用淀粉KI溶液区分)

4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O

2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2

二氧化碳+2毫克= = = 2毫克二氧化碳+摄氏度

(二氧化碳不能用来扑灭镁、钙、钡、钠、钾等燃烧的火。)

SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2O

SiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si

3、水的作用:

SO2+H2O===H2SO3

SO3+H2O = = =硫酸

3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO

N2O5+H2O===2HNO3

P2O5+H2O===2HPO3

P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4

(P2O5易吸水，可用作气体干燥剂。

P2O5+3H2SO4(浓缩)===2H3PO4+3SO3)

CO2+H2O===H2CO3

4.与碱性物质的相互作用:

SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3

SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3

(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应。首先，SO2被氨水吸收。

然后用H2SO4处理:2 NH 4h so 3+h2so 4 = =(NH4)2so 4+2H2O+2so 2。

生成的硫酸铵用作肥料，SO2作为原料气循环使用)。

SO2+Ca(OH)2 = = caso 3+H2O

(SO _ 2和CO _ 2不能用澄清石灰水鉴别。可以用洋红色来识别。)

SO3+氧化镁= = =硫酸镁

SO3+氢氧化钙= = =硫酸钙+H2O

CO2+2NaOH(过量)==Na2CO3+H2O

CO2(过量)+NaOH = = nahco3

二氧化碳+氢氧化钙(过量)= ==碳酸钙+H2O

2CO2(过量)+氢氧化钙= =碳酸氢钙2

CO2+2 NAA lo 2+3H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+na2co 3

CO2+c 6 H5 ona+H2O = = = c 6 H5 oh+nah co 3

SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3

二氧化硅+2氢氧化钠= = =硅酸钠+H2O

(强碱在室温下会慢慢腐蚀玻璃)

二氧化硅+碳酸钠= = =二氧化硅+二氧化碳

SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2

动词 （verb的缩写）金属氧化物

1，低价态的还原性:

6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4

FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O

2、氧化:

Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O

(该反应用于制备Na2O)

MgO和Al2O3几乎不被氧化，因此很难被还原成Mg和Al。

通常，镁和铝是通过电解产生的。

Fe2O3+3H2 = = 2Fe+3H2O(用于制造还原铁粉)

Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O

3、水的作用:

Na2O+H2O===2NaOH

2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2

(这个反应分两步:Na2O 2+2H2O = = 2 NaOH+H2O 2；

2H2O2 = = 2H2O+O2。H2O2可以通过类似的反应制备:

BaO2+H2SO4(稀释)===BaSO4+H2O2)

氧化镁+H2O = =氢氧化镁(慢反应)

4.与酸性物质的相互作用:

Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4

Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3

Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O

2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2

Na2O2+H2SO4(冷，稀释)===Na2SO4+H2O2

氧化镁+SO3 = = =硫酸镁

氧化镁+硫酸= = =硫酸镁+H2O

Al2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O

(Al2O3是一种两性氧化物:

Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)

FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2O

Fe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2O

Fe2O3+3H2S(克)===Fe2S3+3H2O

Fe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O

6.含氧酸

1，氧化性:

4HClO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HCl

HClO3+HI===HIO3+HCl

3HClO+HI===HIO3+3HCl

HClO+h2so 3 = = h2so 4+HCl

HClO+H2O2===HCl+H2O+O2

(氧化:HClO & gtHClO2 & gtHClO3 & gt高氯酸，

然而，强而热的HClO4具有很强的氧化性)

2H2SO4(浓缩)+C===CO2+2SO2+2H2O

2H2SO4(浓缩)+S===3SO2+2H2O

H2SO4+Fe(Al)的室温钝化

6H2SO4(浓缩)+2Fe = = Fe2 (SO4) 3+3SO2+6H2O

2H2SO4(浓缩)+Cu===CuSO4+SO2+2H2O

H2SO4(浓缩)+2hbr = = SO2+Br2+2h2o

H2SO4(浓缩)+2hi = = SO2+I2+2h2o

H2SO4(稀释)+Fe===FeSO4+H2

2H2SO3+2H2S===3S+2H2O

4HNO3(浓缩)+c = = CO2+4no2+2h2o

6HNO3(浓缩)+S===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O

5HNO3(浓)+P===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O

6HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O

4HNO3+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O

30硝酸+8Fe = = = 8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O

36 HNO 3+10Fe = = = 10Fe(NO3)3+3n 2+18H2O

30硝酸+8Fe===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O

2、还原性:

H2SO3+X2+H2O===H2SO4+2HX

(X代表Cl2、Br2、I2)

2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4

h2so 3+H2O 2 = = h2so 4+H2O

5h2so 3+2k MnO 4 = = = 2 mnso 4+k2so 4+2h2so 4+3H2O

h2so 3+2 FeCl 3+H2O = = h2so 4+2 FeCl 2+2 HCl

3.酸度:

H2SO4(浓)+CaF2===CaSO4+2HF

H2SO4(浓)+NaCl===NaHSO4+HCl

H2SO4(浓)+2NaCl===Na2SO4+2HCl

H2SO4(浓)+NaNO3===NaHSO4+HNO3

3H2SO4(浓)+CA3 (PO4) 2 = = 3caso4+2h3po4

2H2SO4(浓)+ca3 (po4) 2 = = 2caso4+ca (h2po4) 2

3HNO3+Ag3PO4===H3PO4+3AgNO3

硝酸+碳酸钙= = =硝酸钙+H2O+二氧化碳

硝酸和浓硫酸不能制备H2S、氢溴酸和二氧化硫。

相等的还原气体)

4h3po4+ca3 (po4) 2 = = 3ca (h2po4) 2(重钙)

H3PO4(浓缩)+NaBr===NaH2PO4+HBr

H3PO4(浓缩)+NaI===NaH2PO4+HI

4.不稳定性:

2HClO===2HCl+O2

4HNO3===4NO2+O2+2H2O

H2SO3===H2O+SO2

H2CO3===H2O+CO2

H4SiO4===H2SiO3+H2O

七。碱

低价态的还原性:

4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH)3

与酸性物质的相互作用:

2NaOH+SO2(少量)===Na2SO3+H2O

NaOH+SO2(足量)= = nahso3

2NaOH+SiO2===NaSiO3+H2O

2NaOH+Al2O3===2NaAlO2+H2O

2NaOH+Cl2===NaCl+NaClO+H2O

NaOH+HCl===NaCl+H2O

NaOH+H2S(足量)===NaHS+H2O

2NaOH+H2S(少量)===Na2S+2H2O

3NaOH+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3NaCl

NaOH+Al(OH)3===NaAlO2+2H2O

(AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪个酸性更大？)

NaOH+NH4Cl===NaCl+NH3+H2O

Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl===MgCl2+2NH3。H2O

Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶。

3.不稳定性:

氢氧化镁= = =氧化镁+H2O

2Al(OH)3===Al2O3+3H2O

2Fe(OH)3===Fe2O3+3H2O

氢氧化铜= = =氧化铜+H2O

八、盐

1，氧化性:

2FeCl3+Fe===3FeCl2

2FeCl3+Cu===2FeCl2+CuCl2

(用于雕刻铜电路板)

2FeCl3+Zn===2FeCl2+ZnCl2

FeCl3+Ag===FeCl2+AgC

Fe2 (SO4) 3+2ag = = FeSO4+Ag2SO4(难以反应)

Fe(NO3)3+Ag不发生反应。

2FeCl3+H2S===2FeCl2+2HCl+S

2FeCl3+2KI===2FeCl2+2KCl+I2

FeCl 2+Mg = = Fe+MGC L2

2、还原性:

2FeCl2+Cl2===2FeCl3

3Na2S+8HNO3(稀释)= = 6Nano3+2NO+3S+4H2O

3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀释)= = 3NA2SO4+2NO+H2O

2Na2SO3+O2===2Na2SO4

3.与碱性物质的相互作用:

氯化镁+2氨。H2O = = =氢氧化镁+氯化铵

AlCl3+3NH3。H2O = = =氢氧化铝+3 NH 4h cl

FeCl3+3NH3。H2O===Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl

4.与酸性物质的相互作用:

Na3PO4+HCl===Na2HPO4+NaCl

Na2HPO4+HCl===NaH2PO4+NaCl

NaH2PO4+HCl===H3PO4+NaCl

碳酸钠+盐酸= = =碳酸氢钠+氯化钠

碳酸氢钠+盐酸= = =氯化钠+H2O+二氧化碳

3n a2 co 3+2 ALCL 3+3H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+3 CO2+6 NaCl

3n a2 co 3+2 FeCl 3+3H2O = = = 2Fe(OH)3+3 CO2+6 NaCl

3NaHCO3+AlCl3===Al(OH)3+3CO2

3NaHCO3+FeCl3===Fe(OH)3+3CO2

3na 2s+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+3H2S

3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O===4Al(OH)3

5.不稳定性:

na 2 S2 o 3+h2so 4 = = = na2so 4+S+SO2+H2O

NH4Cl===NH3+HCl

碳酸氢铵===NH3+H2O+CO2

2KNO3===2KNO2+O2

2Cu(NO3)3===2CuO+4NO2+O2

2KMnO4===K2MnO4+MnO2+O2

2KClO3===2KCl+3O2

2碳酸氢钠= = =碳酸钠+H2O+二氧化碳

碳酸氢钙= = =碳酸钙+H2O+二氧化碳

CaCO3===CaO+CO2

碳酸镁= = =氧化镁+二氧化碳

高中化学方程式小结

非金属元素(氟、氯、氧、硫、N2、磷、碳、硅)

1，氧化性:

F2 + H2 === 2HF

F2 +Xe(过量)= = XeF2

2F2(过量)+Xe = = XeF4

NF2+2m = = 2mfn(对于大多数金属)

2F2 +2H2O===4HF+O2

2F2 +2NaOH===2NaF+OF2 +H2O

F2 +2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2

F2 +2NaBr===2NaF+Br2

F2+2NaI ===2NaF+I2

F2 +Cl2(等体积)= = 2clf

3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3

7F2(过量)+I2 ===2IF7

Cl2 +H2 ===2HCl

3Cl2 +2P===2PCl3

Cl2 +PCl3 ===PCl5

Cl2 +2Na===2NaCl

3Cl2 +2Fe===2FeCl3

Cl2 +2FeCl2 ===2FeCl3

Cl2+Cu===CuCl2

2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2

Cl2 +2NaI ===2NaCl+I2

5cl 2+I2+6H2O = = = 2hi O3+10 HCl

Cl2 +Na2S===2NaCl+S

Cl2 +H2S===2HCl+S

Cl2+SO2 +2H2O===H2SO4 +2HCl

Cl2 +H2O2 ===2HCl+O2

2O2 +3Fe===Fe3O4

O2+K===KO2

s+H2 = = H2S

2S+C===CS2

S+Fe===FeS

S+2Cu===Cu2S

3S+2Al===Al2S3

S+Zn===ZnS

N2+3H2===2NH3

N2+3Mg===Mg3N2

N2+3Ca===Ca3N2

N2+3Ba===Ba3N2

N2+6Na===2Na3N

N2+6K===2K3N

N2+6Rb===2Rb3N

P2+6H2===4PH3

P+3Na===Na3P

2P+3Zn===Zn3P2

2.还原能力

S+O2===SO2

S+O2===SO2

硫+6HNO3(浓缩)= =硫酸+6NO2+2H2O

3S+4 HNO3(稀释)= = 3so2+4NO+2h2o

N2+氧气===2NO

4p+5o2 = = p4o10(常写成P2O5)

2p+3x2 = = 2px3 (X代表F2，Cl2，Br2)

PX3+X2===PX5

4h2o硝酸(浓)= = 4h3po4+20no2+4h2o

C+2F2===CF4

C+2Cl2===CCl4

2C+O2(少量)= = 2co

C+O2(足量)= = CO2

碳+二氧化碳===二氧化碳

C+H2O = = Co+H2(生成水煤气)

2c+SiO2 = = Si+2co(生产粗硅)

Si(粗)+2cl = = sicl4

(sicl4+2h2 = = Si(纯)+4HCl)

硅(粉末)+氧= =二氧化硅

硅+碳= =碳化硅(金刚砂)

Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2

3、(在碱中)歧化

Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO

(加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光促进歧化)

Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O

2cl 2+2Ca(OH)2 = = = CaCl 2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O

3Cl2+6KOH(热，浓缩)= = 5kcl+kclo3+3H2O

3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O

4P+3KOH(浓缩)+3H2O = = PH3+3K2PO2

11P+15 cuso 4+24H2O = = = 5Cu3P+6h3po 4+15 h2so 4

3C+曹= = =氯化钙+一氧化碳

3C+二氧化硅= = =碳化硅+二氧化碳

第二，金属元素(钠、镁、铝、铁)的还原性

2Na+H2===2NaH

4Na+O2===2Na2O

2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2

2Na+O2===Na2O2

2na+s = = Na2S(爆炸)

2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2

2Na+2h 3 = = = 2n H2+H2

4Na+TiCl4(熔化)===4NaCl+Ti

Mg+Cl2===MgCl2

Mg+Br2===MgBr2

2毫克+氧气= = = 2毫克

Mg+S===MgS

Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2

2毫克+四氯化钛(熔融)= = =钛+2毫克氯化钛

Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb

2毫克+二氧化碳= = = 2毫克+二氧化碳

2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si

Mg+H2S===MgS+H2

镁+硫酸= = =硫酸镁+H2

2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3

4al+3o2 = = 2al2o3(钝化)

4Al(Hg)+3o 2+2xH2O = = = 2(al2o 3·xh2o)+4Hg

4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn

2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr

2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe

2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe

2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2

2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2

2Al+6H2SO4(浓缩)= = Al2 (SO4) 3+3SO2+6H2O

(铝和铁在冷的浓H2SO4、HNO3 HNO3中钝化)

Al+4HNO(稀释)= = Al (NO3) 3+NO+2h2o

2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2

2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3

Fe+I2===FeI2

Fe+S===FeS

3Fe+4H2O(克)===Fe3O4+4H2

Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2

Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu

Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2

(铁在酸性环境下不能完全溶解四氯化锡。

还原成元素锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)

第三，非金属氢化物(氟化氢、氯化氢、H2O、H2S、氨气)

1，可约性:

4HCl(浓缩)+MnO2 = = mncl2+Cl2+2h2o

4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O

16 HCl+2 kmno 4 = = = 2 KCl+2 mncl 2+5cl 2+8H2O

14 HCl+k2 Cr 2 o 7 = = = 2 KCl+2 rcl 3+3c L2+7H2O

2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2

2H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O

2H2S+O2(少量)= = 2s+2h2o

2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O

H2SO4硫酸(浓缩)==硫+二氧化硫+2H2O

3H2S+2HNO(稀释)= = 3s+2no+4h2o

5H2S+2 kmno 4+3h2so 4 = = = 2 mnso 4+k2so 4+5S+8H2O

3H2S+k2cr 2 o 7+4h2so 4 = = = Cr2(SO4)3+k2so 4+3S+7H2O

H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH

2h 3+3c uo = = = 3Cu+N2+3H2O

2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl

8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl

4NH3+3O2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O

4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O

4NH3+6NO = = 5N2+6HO(用氨水去除NO)

呐+H2O = = =氢氧化钠+H2

4NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2

CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2

2.酸度:

4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O

该反应广泛用于测定矿石或钢铁样品中二氧化硅的含量。

2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl

H2S+Fe===FeS+H2

H2S+氯化铜===CuS+2HCl

H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3

H2S+氯化汞= = =汞+2氯化氢

H2S+硝酸铅===PbS+硝酸铅

H2S+FeCl2===

2n H3+2Na = = 2n H2+H2

(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)

3、碱性:

NH3+HCl===NH4Cl

NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3

2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4

NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2 = = nah co 3+NH4Cl

(此反应用于工业上制备小苏打、苏打)

4.不稳定性:

2HF===H2+F2

2HCl===H2+Cl2

2H2O===2H2+O2

2H2O2===2H2O+O2

H2S===H2+S

2h 3 = = = N2+3h 2

第四，非金属氧化物

低价态的还原性:

2SO2+O2===2SO3

2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4

(这是一种环境化学反应，SO2在大气中缓慢发生)

SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl

SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr

SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI

SO2+NO2===SO3+NO

2NO+O2===2NO2

NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2

(用于吸收硝酸工业尾气中的NO和NO2)

2CO+O2===2CO2

CO+CuO===Cu+CO2

3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2

一氧化碳+H2O = = =二氧化碳+H2

氧化:

SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O

SO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2

NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH

(溴蒸汽和NO2不能用淀粉KI溶液区分)

4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O

2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2

二氧化碳+2毫克= = = 2毫克二氧化碳+摄氏度

(二氧化碳不能用来扑灭镁、钙、钡、钠、钾等燃烧的火。)

SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2O

SiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si

3、水的作用:

SO2+H2O===H2SO3

SO3+H2O = = =硫酸

3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO

N2O5+H2O===2HNO3

P2O5+H2O===2HPO3

P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4

(P2O5易吸水，可用作气体干燥剂。

P2O5+3H2SO4(浓缩)===2H3PO4+3SO3)

CO2+H2O===H2CO3

4.与碱性物质的相互作用:

SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3

SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3

(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应。首先，SO2被氨水吸收。

然后用H2SO4处理:2 NH 4h so 3+h2so 4 = =(NH4)2so 4+2H2O+2so 2。

生成的硫酸铵用作肥料，SO2作为原料气循环使用)。

SO2+Ca(OH)2 = = caso 3+H2O

(SO _ 2和CO _ 2不能用澄清石灰水鉴别。可以用洋红色来识别。)

SO3+氧化镁= = =硫酸镁

SO3+氢氧化钙= = =硫酸钙+H2O

CO2+2NaOH(过量)==Na2CO3+H2O

CO2(过量)+NaOH = = nahco3

二氧化碳+氢氧化钙(过量)= ==碳酸钙+H2O

2CO2(过量)+氢氧化钙= =碳酸氢钙2

CO2+2 NAA lo 2+3H2O = = = 2Al(OH)3+na2co 3

CO2+c 6 H5 ona+H2O = = = c 6 H5 oh+nah co 3

SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3

二氧化硅+2氢氧化钠= = =硅酸钠+H2O

(强碱在室温下会慢慢腐蚀玻璃)

二氧化硅+碳酸钠= = =二氧化硅+二氧化碳

SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2